Legal Rate Of Interest In France Essay - 1023 Words

not only much poorer, but the steps by which it advances to a better condition, for it is evidently advancing, seem to be much slower and more tardy. The legal rate of interest in France has not, during the course of the present century, been always regulated by the market rate. In 1720 interest was reduced from the twentieth to the fiftieth penny, or from five to two per cent. In 1724 it was raised to the thirtieth penny, or to 3 1/3 per cent. In 1725 it was again raised to the twentieth penny, or to five per cent. In 1766, during the administration of Mr. Laverdy, it was reduced to the twenty-fifth penny, or to four per cent. The Abbe Terray raised it afterwards to the old rate of five per cent. The supposed purpose of many of those†¦show more content†¦The province of Holland, on the other hand, in proportion to the extent of its territory and the number of Its people, is a richer cou?try than England. The government there borrows at two per cent, and private people of go od credit at three. The wages of labour are said to be higher in Holland than in England, and the Dutch, it is well known, trade upon lower profits than any people in Europe. The trade of Holland, it has been pretended by some people, is decaying, and it may perhaps be true some particular branches of it are so. But these symptoms seem to indicate suffi?lently that there is no general decay. When profit diminishes, merchants are very apt to complain that trade decays; though the diminution of profit is the natural effect of its prosperity, or of a greater stock being employed in it than before. During the late war the Dutch gained the whole carrying trade of France, of which they still retain a very large share. The great property which they possess both in the French and English funds, about forty millions, it is said, in the latter (In which I suspect, however, there is a considerable exaggeration); the great sums which they lend to private people in countries where the rate of in terest is higher than in their own, are circumstances which no doubt demonstrate the redundancy of their stock, or that itShow MoreRelatedOf The Sociological Imagination In Georges Dubys Madame Bovary1380 Words   |  6 Pagesimagination as â€Å"the inner life and the external career of a variety of individuals.† (Mills). He meant that people should look at the society rather than focusing our individual lives. In this essay, I will be addressing more in depth of Mill’s concept of sociological imagination, the role of women in France from the 19th century and how it refers to Georges Duby’s film â€Å"Madame Bovary†. Mills, the sociologist, mentioned how people go about their daily routine. Daily routines consist of going toRead MoreEverybody Knows Big Porn Is Destroying Relationships Essay855 Words   |  4 PagesPornography is defined as the representation in books, magazines, photographs, films, and other media of scenes of sexual behaviour that are erotic or lewd and are designed to arouse sexual interest (Legal Dictionary, 2014). In 2002, the adult film industry accumulated an average 3.9 billion dollar profit, and this figure has almost tripled since (Forbes Magazine, 2002). Pornography is misconceived within society as a violent and demoralising form of adult entertainment, and can be perceived as aRead MoreThe Effects of the Bursting of the US Housing Bubble on the European Union1340 Words   |  6 PagesStabilisation Mechanism for all EU member states, the European Financial Stability Facility for Eurozone member states, and the European Stability Mechanism. The essay will first addres s the EFSM and its questionable legal basis, and finally focus on the European Stability Mechanism which was aimed to be a permanent mechanism. This essay will argue that the the formation of the three relief mechanisms played a key role in cushioning the crisis for the EU zone, and show how the EU can work togetherRead MoreIntroduction. Background Of Scotland’S Union With The Uk.1726 Words   |  7 Pagesand mistrust† between England and Scotland initially prevented a â€Å"union throughout the 17th century† (Johnson, 2014). The Scots had feared that they would become irrelevant within the UK, whereas the English felt that the Scots may â€Å"take sides with France† and rekindle the â€Å"Auld Alliance† (Gallagher, 2016). With Brexit putting Scotland’s access to the Single market at risk, there has been an intensified push for a Scottish referendum. Delving into the reasoning behind a pro-independence stance allowsRead MoreHealthcare Conditions Of The Dominican Republic Essay776 Words   |  4 PagesRepublic is situated on the eastern two-thirds of the island of Hispaniola. The remaining one third of the Island belongs to the country of Haiti. While it is not the intent of this essay to discuss the complete history of the country, it is important to mention that the Haitian side of the island was colonized by France while the Dominican side was colonized by Spain. The Spanish oppressed the indigenous native population that was on the island for a long time and after three centuries of occupationRead MoreAn Evaluation of the Advantages and Disadvantages of Adopting the Euro. a Case Study of the Uk2051 Words   |  9 PagesTitle of essay: An evaluation of the advantages and disadvantages of a dopting the Euro. A case study of The UK I. Introduction An introduction of the new common currency in the Europe was announced on the first day of January 1999. At the first time, there were eleven countries, which decided to join the European Union (EU) and replace their own currency with a new one, the Euro. The Euro has been adopted as a official currency of the country members including Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, GermanyRead MoreChina s Infrastructure Play : Why Washington Should Accept The New Silk Road Essay1170 Words   |  5 PagesChina’s foreign involvement in the areas where infrastructure projects will be built. Nevertheless, Luft does not explain this connection, but the average reader can deduct that China’s entanglements in the region represent more than just economic interests. The military and political activities undertaken by China signal the country’s desire to expand its current strategic advantage worldwide. Additionally, the author paddles Washington because of its unwillingness to get involved withRead MoreThe Immigration Act Of 19241399 Words   |  6 Pagesincluding lowered crime rates and native gains in the long-run labor market. Unsuccessful assimilation of immigrants into American society, and the resulting impact of increasing crime rates, is a key aspect of the Trump administration s support of a nativist immigration policy. However, empirical evidence suggests that this claim is not factually supported. In a study conducted by the National Bureau of Economic Research, research found that the rate at which both legal and illegal immigrants commitRead MoreHow the September 11th Attacks Impacted Politics and Business1744 Words   |  7 Pagesconfidence dipped to a very low level. This has been the case in the UK economy which suffered a fall in consumer spending and as a result the Bank of England have continuously reduced the interest rate to encourage both spending and investment in order to boost aggregate demand. Interest rates stand at 3.75% at the moment and have been successful in their attempt to stimulate consumer spending which in truth is all that is preventing the economy from entering a recession. ThereRead More Is the European Monetary Union a disaster? ? Discuss Essays3428 Words   |  14 Pages Abstract This essay evaluates the development of the EMU; a system that only came into effect three years ago. Through the lack of recent literature most of the evidence are derived from articles of various sources. The essay takes into consideration that the EMU is embedded in a generally declining world economy. It illustrates why the EMU did not reach their targeted goals immediately and points out shortcomings in the architecture of the EMU in the Maastricht Treaty that ought to be reformed

A.V Lundstedt- Scandinavian Realist Free Essays

Brief Historical Background of A V Lundstedt Lundstedt (1882-1955) was a Swedish jurist and a proponent of Scandinavian Legal Realism. He was also a professor of Law at the University of Uppsala in Sweden, from 1914 to 1952. Similarly to Haegerstrom, Ross and Olivercrona, he resisted the exposition of rights as metaphysical entities- contending that realistic legal analysis should dispense with such ideology. We will write a custom essay sample on A.V Lundstedt- Scandinavian Realist or any similar topic only for you Order Now Beyond being a prominent tort law scholar, Lundstedt was also a social democratic member of the Swedish Parliament from 1929 to 1948. The body of his work can be viewed as an attempt to revolutionise the field of jurisprudence by transforming the law into a catalyst for political and social reform. Legal Knowledge and Legal Science Lundstedt is regarded by some as the most extreme and buoyant of the Scandinavian realists. Lundstedt advocated that legal science should be conceived of as a real science, and to that end he rejected traditional legal science. His main objection to traditional legal science was that it employed metaphysical concepts; inter alia, â€Å"right†, â€Å"duty†, â€Å"wrong –doing† and â€Å"guilt†. The focal point of his theoretical work was his sustained attacks towards what he termed the method of justice. The method of justice is the turn of phrase used by Lundstedt to denote traditional legal science, (derived from the traditional method of natural law), which holds that human beings are persons endowed with legal rights and duties. He was of the view that the term â€Å"right† and other metaphysical concepts employed by traditional legal science, were all illusory concepts ; that they were naught else but an intellectual play with expressions of feeling – as if something real were designated thereby. Such concepts could not be used because they did not refer to any natural facts – therefore the terms were devoid of any conceptual meaning. To cement the sphere of legal knowledge as a bonafide, real science – legal science must be an empirical science, which deals with social facts: â€Å"As a science jurisprudence [legal science] must be founded on experience, observation of facts and actual connections, and consequently be a natural science. † He perceived that terms such as â€Å"legal order† and legal rules† are not concepts but merely empty words that ought to be replaced with the term â€Å"legal machinery†. Legal machinery in this vain, is used to denote the psychological factors that determine human behaviour in relation to the use of legal vocabulary. He postulated that legal concepts such as â€Å"right† and â€Å"duty† are also bereft of any conceptual meaning and should be abandoned. Therefore, the legal vocabulary of traditional legal science is to be understood as a matter of using words and noises to cause the appropriate behaviour; these words and noises are not concepts which could be said to be the reasons for human conduct. However Lundstedt conceded in his writings that, there are some realities that correspond to the concept of â€Å"rights†- namely, a position of advantage and safety, which is a result of the regular enforcement of certain legal rules and the psychological effects this had on the minds of people. In short, because the courts come to one’s aid when a person alleges an infringement of a â€Å"right†, a layman is left with the psychological impression that his/her right is real because the courts have sought to address the â€Å"wrong† they were done. As discussed earlier, the term â€Å"right† does not designate anything observable, tangible nor anything capable of sensory perception. One cannot show you their right- and thus Lundstedt argued that a â€Å"right† is a fictitious entity. It must be borne in mind that Lundstedt’s line of reasoning is not what is understood by the term â€Å"rights† when referenced in legal science nor in the public mind, and therefore he argued that it would be better still, to do away with the concept altogether. This stringent scientific attitude of Lundstedt’s , was committed to replacing the magical/metaphysical terms associated with traditional legal science scholarship, with scientific concepts having a basis in reality. In Lundstedt’s view, the scientific concepts were essentially empirical laws, stating the causal relations between the legal words and their effects upon human behaviour. The Method of Social Welfare Lundstedt was of the view that there was no objective means to define the requirements of justice, and that invocations of justice cloaked purely subjective preferences – i. e. he divergences of opinion concerning whether the death penalty is just. Alternatively he argued that such invocations of justice were representations of unacceptable metaphysical claims – i. e. in ancient Rome it was believed that the Emperor was the chosen emissary of God. For this reason, Lundstedt endeavoured to replace the method of justice with the method of social wel fare, in solving legal problems. The method of social welfare is premised on social aims- that the aim of all legal activities such as judicial decision making, and the promulgation of legislation should be geared toward benefiting mankind. He emphasised that his notion of social welfare was not a moral or philosophical principle, but that the term should be understood in a descriptive sense; representing the actual valuations of people in society. He ardently denied that his method of social welfare was in anyway way related to the ethical theories of Jeremy Bentham or John Stuart Mill, as his theory was criticised as just another version of utilitarianism. For example, Lundstedt stated the purpose of punishment is not for revenge, but to maintain a system that is for the benefit of all i. . a system in which a thief is held liable for his damages. Were the purpose of the law to be â€Å"justice†, he opined that it could be argued that theft should be condoned if the thief is considerably worse off than the person(s) from whom he stole. (An illustration of why he rejected the concept of justice) Lundstedt argued that the method of social welfare is a scientific approach, as it is premised upon the reality of hum an needs and wants; and that the aforenamed are facts to be known by science. Lundstedt believed that his method should inform and shape legislation; as it was centred on the objective study of social conditions, and on the practical effects and capabilities of the law in improving society for all its members. In furthering his views that the law should be used as a vehicle for social reform, Lundstedt used this method as a line of argument against a proposed prohibition law in the 1920s. He was of the view that such a ban would harm the public respect for the law. In the 1930s he once again used his method to advocate for the decriminalization of homosexuality, which was quite a radical stance to take, taking into account the times in which he lived. Lundstedt’s arguments have been criticised as being not altogether convincing, as he failed to prove that people generally and truly supported the values he advocated. Moreover, he did not provide a measure for those situations in which the valuations of people differed greatly. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. J Bjarup, The Philosophy of Scandinavian Legal Realism (2005) [ 2 ]. J-O Sundell, Vilhelm Lundstedt- A Biographical Sketch , (2010) [ 3 ]. Supra [ 4 ]. J Strang, Two Generations of Scandinavian Legal Realists,(2009) [ 5 ]. T Spaak, Naturalism in Scandinavian and American Realism: Similarities and Differences, [ 6 ]. Supra [ 7 ]. J Bjarup, The Philosophy of Scandinavian Legal Realism (2005) [ 8 ]. M Freeman P Mindus, The Legacy of John Austin’s Jurisprudence [ 9 ]. A. V. Lundstedt, Legal Thinking Revised, (1956) 10 ]. M Freeman P Mindus, The Legacy of John Austin’s Jurisprudence, [ 11 ]. Supra [ 12 ]. M Freeman P Mindus, The Legacy of John Austin’s Jurisprudence [ 13 ]. J Strang, Two Generations of Scandinavian Realists,(2009) [ 14 ]. Supra [ 15 ]. J Bjarup, The Philosophy of Scandinavian Legal Realism, (2005) [ 16 ]. Supra [ 17 ]. Some believe that it is the retribution of society that justifies the death penalty, whilst others aver that it is not for mortals to deprive the ‘killer’ of life. Whichever side of the coin you fall, your perception as to what is just and moreover whether the death penalty is or is not an injustice depends heavily upon your feelings and values concerning human life. [ 18 ]. J Bjarup, The Philosophy of Scandinavian Legal Realism, (2005) [ 19 ]. Supra [ 20 ]. J Strang, Two Generations of Scandinavian Realists,(2009) [ 21 ]. Supra [ 22 ]. J-O Sundell, Vilhelm Lundstedt- A Biographical Sketch , (2010) [ 23 ]. J Bjarup, The Philosophy of Scandinavian Legal Realism, (2005) How to cite A.V Lundstedt- Scandinavian Realist, Papers

Bartleby the Scrivener A Story of Wall Street by Herman Melville free essay sample

This paper analyzes the writing style of Bartleby the Scrivener: A Story of Wall Street This paper details the writing style of a paragraph within Bartleby the Scrivener: A Story of Wall Street. It focuses on how the author uses a certain style to bring out character traits, storyline, and tone. It further examines how an author can use a dull character to tell an interesting story. From the paper: Bartleby the Scrivener: A Story of Wall Street, is perhaps one of the earliest and most potent satires of American corporate culture in the American literary canon. It tells the story of a scrivener. A scrivener is a law-copyist. This particular copyist named Bartleby infuriates his superiors by his refusal to work. Such a refusal is not only anathema to them, it confounds them. They attempt to fire him, but Bartleby refuses to leave his office. It is through his refusal to work, and to give no coherent reason for doing so other than he would prefer not to, that the entire system is shaken. We will write a custom essay sample on Bartleby the Scrivener: A Story of Wall Street by Herman Melville or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This paper analyzes a paragraph of the short story and illustrates how the paragraphs language, its literary devices, and its tone expose the short storys central themes.